ABSTRACT
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are composed of a large number of spatially distributed sensor nodes to monitor and transmit information from the environment. However, the batteries used by these sensor nodes have limited energy and cannot be charged or replaced due to the harsh deployment environment. This energy limitation will seriously affect the lifetime of the network. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to reduce energy consumption and balance the load of sensor nodes by clustering routing protocols, so as to prolong the lifetime of the network. First, the coronavirus herd immune optimizer is improved and used to optimize the network clustering. Second, the cluster heads (CHs) are selected according to the energy and location factors in the clusters, and a reasonable CH replacement mechanism is designed to avoid the extra communication energy consumption caused by the frequent replacement of CHs. Finally, a multihop routing mechanism between the CHs and the base station is constructed by Q-learning. Simulation results show that the proposed work can improve the structure of clusters, enhance the load balance of nodes, reduce network energy consumption, and prolong the network lifetime. The appearance time of the first energy-depleted node is delayed by 25.8%, 85.9%, and 162.2% compared with IGWO, ACA-LEACH, and DEAL in the monitoring area of $300×300 m, respectively. In addition, the proposed protocol shows better adaptability in varying dynamic conditions. © 2001-2012 IEEE.
ABSTRACT
Smart Sensing has shown notable contributions in the healthcare industry and revamps immense advancement. With this, the present smart sensing applications such as the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) applications are elongated in the COVID-19 outbreak to facilitate the victims and alleviate the extensive contamination frequency of this pathogenic virus. Although, the existing IoMT applications are utilized productively in this pandemic, but somehow, the Quality of Service (QoS) metrics are overlooked, which is the basic need of these applications followed by patients, physicians, nursing staff, etc. In this review article, we will give a comprehensive assessment of the QoS of IoMT applications used in this pandemic from 2019 to 2021 to identify their requirements and current challenges by taking into account various network components and communication metrics. To claim the contribution of this work, we explored layer-wise QoS challenges in the existing literature to identify particular requirements, and set the footprint for future research. Finally, we compared each section with the existing review articles to acknowledge the uniqueness of this work followed by the answer of a question why this survey paper is needed in the presence of current state-of-the-art review papers.
ABSTRACT
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are composed of a large number of spatially distributed sensor nodes to monitor and transmit information from the environment. However, the batteries used by these sensor nodes have limited energy and can not be charged or replaced due to the harsh deployment environment. This energy limitation will seriously affect the lifetime of the network. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to reduce energy consumption and balance the load of sensor nodes by clustering routing protocols, so as to prolong the lifetime of the network. Firstly, the coronavirus herd immune optimizer is improved and used to optimize the network clustering. Secondly, the cluster heads are selected according to the energy and location factors in the clusters, and a reasonable cluster head replacement mechanism is designed to avoid the extra communication energy consumption caused by the frequent replacement of cluster heads. Finally, a multi-hop routing mechanism between the cluster heads and the base station is constructed by Q-learning. Simulation results show that the proposed work can improve the structure of clusters, enhance the load balance of nodes, reduce network energy consumption and prolong the network lifetime. The appearance time of the first energy-depleted node is delayed by 25.8%, 85.9% and 162.2% compared with IGWO, ACA-LEACH and DEAL in the monitoring area of 300m ×300m, respectively. In addition, the proposed protocol shows better adaptability in varying dynamic conditions. IEEE
ABSTRACT
In this COVID-19 pandemic situation, health care is on the priority of every human being. The recent development in the miniaturization of intelligent devices has opened many opportunities and played a crucial role in the healthcare industry. The amalgamation of wireless sensor network and Internet of Things is the best example of wireless body area network. These tiny sensor devices have two essential evaluation parameters named as energy efficiency and stability while performing in a group. This paper focuses on various issues of the healthcare system and their solutions. An energy-efficient routing protocol that can provide sensed data to the collection centre or data hub for further processing and treatment of the patients is proposed. Here, we fixed zones for sending data to zone head using distance aware routing, and then zone head send the aggregated data to the data hub. It is better than the low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) by 42% and distance-based residual energy-efficient protocol (DREEP) by 30% in energy efficiency and stability 58% more by LEACH and 39% by DREEP. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
ABSTRACT
The growth of the world's population, especially that of the elderly, along with the outbreak of infectious diseases such as COVID-19 have caused hospitals and healthcare centres to become full, and even economical treatments cost a lot. On that account, the conjunction of wireless body area networks (WBAN) and Internet of Things (IoT) for healthcare and medical diagnosis has become really important, and is accordingly one of the most popular and attractive areas of the Internet of Things (IoT). In such an IoT, a wireless body area network (WBAN) consists of a miniature sample of the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) that can be either implanted in the human body or wearable. Nowadays, IoT has made healthcare evaluation possible. Instead of the patient being constantly hospitalized for treatment, the condition of the person is sent to the health centre by the IoMT over the Internet. IoT enables wireless communication between smart devices on one side and almost anything on the other. Since this network deals with medical and critical conditions, data must be sent to a physician or practitioner in the prescribed period;this indicates that routing is one of the most critical issues. Thus, routing is considered a very important challenge in WBANs. The present study describes thermal (temperature)-aware routing protocols in WBANs. Routing protocols in WBANs are divided into thermal (temperature)-aware, QoS-aware, security-aware, cluster-based, cross-layered, postured-based, cost-effect, link-aware, and opportunistic ones. In a WBAN, temperature rise in implant nodes can damage body tissues, which is dangerous for the patient. Accordingly, here, those algorithms were considered which are presented in thermal (temperature)-aware protocols. This paper first introduces IoT-based WBANs, their routing mechanism and challenges, after which it provides a detailed description of thermal (temperature)-aware algorithms. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of these algorithms are presented. © 2022 The Authors. IET Communications published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Institution of Engineering and Technology.
ABSTRACT
The emerging technologies in healthcare industries are adopting necessary needs for the treatment of dreadful diseases and clinical diagnoses. At the age of the COVID-19 pandemic where transmission of infection is at severe risk, the treatment of the patient can be done remotely. [1] The progression in the field of healthcare is eminently supported by involving real-time diagnosis and e-treatment of the patients. Digital technologies involved in this diagnosis are Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, Machine Learning, the Internet of Things (IoT), etc. Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) are the technology that has accomplished the capability to restructure healthcare and make available pervasive health care support to the patients. Enormous research is ongoing in this area and creating new ideas and technologies to make lives easy, safe, and convenient for the patients and healthcare providers. © 2022 IEEE.
ABSTRACT
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are characterized by their ability to monitor physical or chemical phenomena in a static or dynamic location by collecting data, and transmit it in a collaborative manner to one or more processing centers wirelessly using a routing protocol. Energy dissipation is one of the most challenging issues due to the limited power supply at the sensor node. All routing protocols are large consumers of energy, as they represent the main source of energy cost through data exchange operation. Cluster-based hierarchical routing algorithms are known for their good performance in energy conservation during active data exchange in WSNs. The most common of this type of protocol is the Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), which suffers from the problem of the pseudo-random selection of cluster head resulting in large power dissipation. This critical issue can be addressed by using an optimization algorithm to improve the LEACH cluster heads selection process, thus increasing the network lifespan. This paper proposes the LEACH-CHIO, a centralized cluster-based energy-aware protocol based on the Coronavirus Herd Immunity Optimizer (CHIO) algorithm. CHIO is a newly emerging human-based optimization algorithm that is expected to achieve significant improvement in the LEACH cluster heads selection process. LEACH-CHIO is implemented and its performance is verified by simulating different wireless sensor network scenarios, which consist of a variable number of nodes ranging from 20 to 100. To evaluate the algorithm performances, three evaluation indicators have been examined, namely, power consumption, number of live nodes, and number of incoming packets. The simulation results demonstrated the superiority of the proposed protocol over basic LEACH protocol for the three indicators. © 2022 Tech Science Press. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
The year of 2019 and 2020, saw the world shifting from physical classes, meetings etc., to online mode due to the commence of worldwide pandemic called COVID-19. Due to this, new network infrastructures were required and among the networks, efficient protocols were required in order to ensure 100% uptime and availability. Among the network routing protocols used, it is prudent to find which routing protocol works best with which redundancy protocol, as they have different switching algorithms. Therefore, in this paper, interior gateway routing protocol (OSPF) and exterior gateway protocol (BGP) are being evaluated on their performance with a redundancy protocol (HSRP, GLBP and VRRP). The criterion of measuring the performance includes jitter, downtime, throughput and number of packets lost. The result will help to analyze which first hop redundancy protocol works best with which routing protocol. The result of this study indicates that OSPF has 4.52% better QoS values with HSRP and BGP has 5.12% better QoS values with GLBP. © 2022 IEEE.
ABSTRACT
Due to the COVID-19 virus infections that have occurred recently, the development of an intelligent healthcare protocol that considers emergent heart cases becomes indispensable. This protocol is based on the method that aims to monitor patients remotely by using Internet of Thing (IoT) devices, which do not select the nodes that are nearby the patient's or in the room to choose as a Clusters Head (CH). So on, the energy consumption of these devices will be reduced, because of their highest importance than the other non-medical ones. Accordingly, this paper proposes a method called High Importance Healthcare-Internet of Things (HIHC-IoT), which is suitable for the emergent healthcare conditions of the patient and the caregiver. Furthermore, WSNs have some issues that reduce system performance, such as resource limits for sensors that may affect power supply, memory, communication capacity, and processing units. In the proposed work, the optimum set of CHs has been selected depending on the residual energy, the distance between the nodes, and the HI nodes. In addition, cloud technology, SDN architecture, and an efficient intelligent algorithm called High Importance-Future Search Algorithm (HI-FSA) have been used. Finally, the compered result of normal protocols with the proposed intelligent protocol, showed an increase in network life by about 40% and about 22% for an optimized routing protocol and increasing the number of packets delivered between nodes. © 2021 IEEE.
ABSTRACT
Use of electronic devices has increased many times in our daily life. It is used for many purposes including healthcare. Small sensor devices on patients’ body that reads patients’ physiological data and send those data to a remote server. Doctors and other healthcare professionals can view this data sitting at their home. Thus remote health monitoring is possible known as Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN). Routing and providing seamless connectivity is a big challenge and a topic of research. In this work, a priority based routing protocol designed for WBAN has been developed where data has been classified into normal and emergency data. This routing protocol is especially applicable for COVID and diabetic patients. Normal data will be processed in cloud server but emergency data will be processed locally. Results obtained prove that our protocol is faster and also gives minimum delay. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
ABSTRACT
The rise in life expectancy of humans, COVID-19 pandemic and growing cost of medical services has brought up huge challenges for the government and healthcare industry. Due to unhealthy lifestyle, there is an increased need for continual health monitoring and diagnosis of diseases. Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is attracted attention of researchers as various biosensors can be embedded in or worn on the body of human beings for the measurement of health parameters. The patient's health data is then sent wirelessly to the physician for health analysis. The biosensors used to measure physiological parameters have limited power due to its small size and hence smaller form factor. For the longevity of the network, it is imperative to transmit the data in an energy-efficient manner. Moreover, the health information of the patient is stringently private. Hence, the privacy and security of transmitted information needs to be ensured. It necessitates the development of effective, lightweight and secure routing protocols that provides security with minimal use of resources. This paper has identified the numerous security requirements in WBANs and has provided the extensive review on existing secure routing protocols reported in the literature. A comparative analysis of the various existing state-of-the art secure routing protocols and critical analysis based on security techniques along with different performance parameters has been presented.